英语六级仔细阅读向来以文章篇幅长、且难懂著称。其实英语六级阅读的最大难点就是对大家的单词量做出了一定挑战，今天我们就来一起精读一篇19年阅读试题，看看大家都有哪些单词不认识吧！
听力原文
The dangerous thing about lying is people don't understand how the act changes us,” says Dan Ariely, behavioural psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.
Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene says, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave study subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal (颅腔壁的) control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonest—and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural (神经的) reward centres were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.
External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie.We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we are able to rationalise it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely says.
In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses including that sinking, guilty feeling you get when you lie.
But when scientists had their subjects play a game—in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies which get bigger over time.
单词积累
1. psychologist n. 心理学家
2. psycho- 和心理有关的
3. milestone v. 里程碑
4. crawl v. 爬行；匍匐
5. sophisticated adj. 复杂的（物）；老于世故的（人）
6. manipulate v. 操纵、操控
7. moral adj. 道德的
8. cognitive adj.认知的
9. subject n. 受试对象
10. deceive v. 欺骗、撒谎
11. instantly adv. 立即地、快速地
12. instinctively adv. 本能地
13. opted adj.倾向于……
14. tempt v.诱惑
15. multiple adj.多样的
16. alter v.改变
17. sensational adj.轰动的；耸人听闻的
全文参考翻译
说谎的危险之处在于人们不了解行为会如何改变我们。”杜克大学行为心理学家Dan Ariely说。心理学家记录了儿童早在两岁时就说谎的情况。一些专家甚至认为撒谎，和爬行和行走一样，是一个发展里程碑，因为这需要复杂的计划，关注和从别人的角度看待情况以及操纵它们的能力。但是，对于大多数人来说，随着我们养成一种道德意识和自我调节能力，撒谎受到了限制。
哈佛大学认知神经科学家约书亚·格林（Joshua Greene）说，对我们大多数人来说，撒谎要耗费一番功夫。在研究中，他让研究对象撒谎去获取金钱收益，同时使用功能性MRI机器检查他们的大脑，结果发现（当他们撒谎时）血液会流向大脑中的活跃区域。有些人本能地直言不讳。但是其他人选择撒谎，他们的大脑顶叶颅腔壁的控制网络活动增加，这涉及到困难或复杂的思考。这表明他们是在诚实与不诚实之间做出决定，并最终选择后者。为了进行后续分析，他发现那些在赚钱时神经中心更加活跃的人也更可能属于骗子群体，这表明说谎可能与无力抵抗诱惑有关。
外部条件对我们说谎的时间和频率也很重要。研究表明，当我们能够自圆其说、感到压力和疲倦或看到其他人不诚实时，我们更容易说谎。而且，当我们有道德提醒或当我们认为其他人在注视时，我们不太可能说谎。 “我们作为一个社会需要了解，当我们不惩罚撒谎行为时，我们会增加撒谎再次发生的可能性，”阿里利说。
在2016年发表在《自然神经科学》杂志上的一项研究中，Ariely及其同事展示了不诚实如何改变人们的大脑，使人们以后更容易分辨谎言。当人们说假话时，科学家们注意到杏仁核中爆发出一系列活动。杏仁核是大脑的关键部分，当你撒谎的时候，它会产生恐惧，焦虑和情绪反应。
但是，当科学家让他们的受试者玩游戏时，即让他们通过欺骗伴侣来赢钱，他们注意到杏仁核的负面信号开始减少。不仅如此，当人们不为不诚实承担任何后果时，他们的虚假倾向会更引起轰动。这意味着，如果你给人们多个为自己的利益撒谎的机会，那么他们就从很少的谎言开始，随着时间的推移，谎言会越来越大。
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